The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865, it was a series of battles between the Union and the Confederates. The Union wanted control of all states, but the Confederacy refused to enter into the Union and began forming their own government. Keep on reading to have a better understanding of the War that sparked the nation.
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Bombing of Fort Sumter
Overview
Jame's Buchanan, Lincoln's Predecessor, sends out an unarmed merchant ship, the Star of the West, to Charleston, North Carolina on January 9,1861 to support the troops stationed in Fort Sumter, inside Charleston Harbor. However, the ship couldn't make it, for it was fired on and had to turn back. Buchanan refused the right of secession, but he felt that it would be best to avoid the act of "coercion," in occupying the southern states into the union. Not only Buchanan believed in avoiding the act of "coercion, but the industrialized community of the north feared losing their trade links with the "King Cotton" region of the South. Also, the republicans and abolitionists opposed coercive action, and wanted the south to leave their confederacy in peace. By the beginning of March, the public favored towards strong action in preserving the union, yet when the community found out that the agreement would not include the cotton states in the union, the decision was more leaned towards "coercion." The South had taken over most of north's federal forts in their confederacy, but the North had guarded four of them, two lying in Florida Keys, the others were Fort Pickens, and Fort Sumter inside Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina. The issue lied on Fort Sumter, for the confederacy of South Carolina was demanding the Union troops stationed in this fort to leave, who were in critical condition. Lincoln did not know whether to give up the fort to the south or keep it. As Lincoln sent out his second expedition, the confederate had already proceeded to attack the fort.
Bombing:
On April 12-14, 1861, the South began to bombard the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the fort. General Beauregard led the south, opposing General Anderson's army of the north, who weren't really prepared. They were short on supplies and troops.Abraham Lincoln's first duty was to send out more merchant ships with supplies for the troops. Yet, the mayor of South Carolina began to threat Anderson and his troops to evacuate the fort, but the north kept on firing with the gun fuel they had. After, thirty-four hours of continuous fighting, the north finally decided to leave the fort. The South had an advantage in taking over Fort Sumter. Additionally, during the battle Lincoln sent seventy-five thousand men to fight, and the south gets support from four additional states added into the confederacy. Neither side lost a casualty during the battle.
Bombing:
On April 12-14, 1861, the South began to bombard the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the fort. General Beauregard led the south, opposing General Anderson's army of the north, who weren't really prepared. They were short on supplies and troops.Abraham Lincoln's first duty was to send out more merchant ships with supplies for the troops. Yet, the mayor of South Carolina began to threat Anderson and his troops to evacuate the fort, but the north kept on firing with the gun fuel they had. After, thirty-four hours of continuous fighting, the north finally decided to leave the fort. The South had an advantage in taking over Fort Sumter. Additionally, during the battle Lincoln sent seventy-five thousand men to fight, and the south gets support from four additional states added into the confederacy. Neither side lost a casualty during the battle.
First Battle of Bull Run
The first official battle of the civil war was fought in Virginia on July 21, 1861 near Manassas Junction. Lincoln ordered General Irwin McDowell, appointed by General Winfield Scott, a two time war hero, and an inexperienced army with thirty-five thousand men to march directly towards the confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. The Union Army's immediate target was a confederate force of 22,000 men, under the command of General Beauregard. He was defending a position in Bull Run, and McDowell was ready to play his plan out. General Irwin McDowell led his forces down the turnpike and camped there. Yet, his ambitious plan for a unknown flack attack on General Beauregard's army was poorly carried out by his officers and men. They still had an advantage because the Confederates had a disadvantage over the Union left flank. The confederates were out numbered by the Union troops, and were not prepared to face this surprising war. They still wanted to fight and managed to win. General Joseph E. Johnston and the rest of the confederate reinforcements arrived by railroad from Shenandoah Valley, to support Beauregard and his men. The war began to transform for the Confederates. In addition, General Jackson, an unfamiliar and newer commander to the South, along with his brigade of Virginians helped lead them to victory. They had come from the 'Virginia Military Institute". Within this battle Jackson gets nicknamed "Stonewall Jackson". The Union Army ends up forfeiting in this battle, thinking that the Civil War will be harder than it seemed. Their were many casualty deaths in this battle. Union had 2800 wounded ,460 dead; Confederate had 1900 wounded, 400 dead.
Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh in other words, The Battle of Pittsburgh Landing was fought in the Western Theater of the American Civil War from April 6-7 of 1862, in Southwestern Tennessee. A Union Army under the command of Major General Ulysses S. Grant was surprisingly attacked by Confederates under General Albert Sydney Johnston and General P.G.T Beauregard. The Union army was attacked, while near the Tennessee River at Pittsburgh Landing. The first day was a success for the confederates, but the second day the Union had won the Battle of Shiloh. General Grant's army camped that night at Pittsburgh Landing drawing recruits and waiting for Major General Don Carlos Buell of Ohio and his reinforcements. Johnston aware of Grant wanted to strike the Union Army before the two federal armies combined into one force. Initially, Johnston had planned to attack Grant's army on the fourth of April, but weather delayed the attack. Yet, when they did arrive on the morning of April sixth, the northerners were outraged and were unprepared. Buell's army had not yet arrived. Grant had to fight the first half of the battle commanding his army. By afternoon the southerners had already started setting a boundary along "Hornets Nest," or sunken road. Later, Buell's Army finally arrived with artillery and supply for the North. They began to cover Pittsburgh Landing with a defensive line augmented with Buell's men. Fighting continued till the entire night and Union held victory. The Confederate force were greatly outnumbered with less than thirty thousand men, whereas the Union force had forty-thousand men. On April seventh, Beauregard demanded for a counter attack, but the north had more men and ended up defeating the outnumbered army of the south.
Merrimack vs Monitor
The battle is also known as the Battle of Hampton Roads and it was considered to be the most important naval battle of the Civil War. It was fought in the span of two days from March 8-9 of 1862. Merrimack vs Monitor was set in Hampton Roads a naval way in Virginia, where the Elizabeth and Namsemond Rivers meet James River connecting to Chesapeake Bay. This war was an act by the confederacy to break the Union blockade, which cut off Virginia's cities of Norfolk and Richmond. The significance of this battle was that the Confederate states introduced the first ironclad warships or battle ships. On the first day of battle, the Confederate fleet had an advantage over their ironclad ships of the USS Merrimack. The Union Navy came sailing in wooden-old fashioned ships. The first day of the naval battle, Virginia was able to destroy two federal flotilla USS Congress, and USS Cumberland. Later, the USS Minnesota Fleet arrived and had stayed afloat surviving the bullets of the Confederacy. However several Confederates were wounded in the the attempt of destroying the third fleet, for it was done at night. The next morning of March 9th a second ship, the USS Monitor joined the Union Navy in defending the USS Minnesota. Now the remaining of the naval battle was between the USS Merrimack, the ironclad and the USS Monitor, the Union warship. At the end the sturdier ship ended up winning the battle. Therefore, the Confederacy held victory, having the Union retreat.
Antietam
The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Sharpsburg, in the South and it was fought on September 17,1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland by Antietam Creek. It was the first major battle of the Civil War to be held on Union soil. Also it was the bloodiest one day battle in American history. On September 16, 1782, Major General George B. McCellan and his Union Army of the Potomac approached Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia at Shapsburg, Maryland.. On the dawn of September 17, 1862, the Battle of Antietam enters its roots. Major General Joseph Hooker's Union corps planned a powerful atack on Lee's left flank. The opposing forces fights from day till night, going back and forth the Miller Cornfield and West Woods. Throughout the battle, "Stonewall Jackson's'' Virginian brigade guarded the Dunker Church. Whereas, through the center of the field, the Union soldiers continued to attack the Sunken Road and the confederates residing near it.. The north won the battle, but there were many casualties lost. Abraham Lincoln was angry at McCellan's commanding that he discharged him of being general. The death toll was 2800 dead in the north. There were about 1660 dead in the south. Therefore, being the bloodiest battle in history.
Chancellorsville
It was a major battle of the American Civil War. It lasted from April 30-May 6, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near Chancellorsville. Around this two other battles were fought in Fredericksburg, a wealthy town in Virginia. The battle was fought between Major General Joseph Hooker's Union army and General Robert E. Lee's Confederate North Virginia Army. The battle was known as Lee's best fight because he decided to split his army into two separate forces, leading them to victory. The other half of Lee's army confronted Hooker by a mansion whose owner had named Chancellorsville. Lee sent Stonewall Jackson to do a flank attack on the Union Army. They were defeating the Union force, which was larger in size. The South resumed attack on May 3rd and pushed Hooker's army near the fords. Lee got a message that the Federals crossed the Rappahannok River and defeated them near Salem Church. Union suffered 14,000 casualties and Confederates suffered 10,000 casualties. The loss for Stonewall Jackson was costly.
Vicksburg
The battle occurred from May 18-July 4, 1863. It was the last military battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. General Grant and his Union Army began by crossing the Mississippi River and obligated General John C. Pemberton's Confederate army into the defensive lines which bordered the fortress city of Vicksburg located in Virginia. Their goal was to seize the territory, so that the North could resume trade access from the Mississippi River. The official seizing of Vicksburg began on May 19th; Grant's troops were set near the defenses of Vicksburg, and General Grant planned to attack Vicksburg. However, the Confederates had constructed strong defenses in Vicksburg, which led to Grant's attacks being repulsed. The Union set another attack, which was carefully prepared and planned, but once again the army was repulsed by Pemberton's Confederate army. Yet, the Confederate's army was much shorter than that of the Union. The Confederates needed help in continuing to fight this battle and protecting Vicksburg. Pemberton was hoping to join another army force in fighting the battle, but General Lee could not send any of his troops, for he was planning on invading the North for a second time. However, Robert Taylor commanding in Louisiana, sent three brigades to attack Grant's supply line, but failed to do so. The Confederates felt that their only hope was Johnston, but he couldn't make it at the time. After about a month of fighting, Pemberton was told to surrender by his men. This war marked the beginning end of the Confederacy.
Gettysburg
After Lee's great victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville, he led his army of Northern Virginia (75,000 men) in its second invasion of the North-the Gettysburg Campaign located in Pennsylvania. The battle was fought in a three day span, from July 1 to July 3rd of 1863. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was the center of a network of roads coming from all directions. The road network and its east side of the mountains were significant reasons why the battle occurred there, including the Terrain, which consisted of defensive ground, such as "Little Round's Top," "Culp's Hill," and "Cemetery Hill." This battle was a turning point to the American Civil War. Before the battle major Northern cities were under threat of attack by Lee and the Confederates. Several were Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. Lee's army had began to cross the Potomac River and marched into Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They were in need of shoes. The Union Potomac Army, of about 95,0000 men, was under the command of General George G. Meade. On Juy 1, 1863 Meade held his advanced troops, directed by John Buford, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They waited there till reinforcements arrived. On the second day of battle, the Confederates attacked the Union lines at Cemetery Hill, Little Round Top, and several others. The last day of battle Lee sent 15,000 of his men to assault the Union troops on top Cemetery Ridge. The Union had won the battle, for Lee decided to forfeit, for he was outnumbered and had lost a lot of his men.
In November 19, 1863 president Lincoln recited a famous two minute speech that sparked the nation. Yet, Lincoln called this speech a "flat failure." The speech is known as the Gettysburg Address today, for it was announced in the National Gettysburg cemetery of Pennsylvania. In honor of the brave soldiers that fought and sacrificed their lives for the nation in the battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln claimed that the Civil War was a test to see if the nation could exist as it did. There are around five versions of the Gettysburg Address, but the one that is said in the video is the most common one. This speech is the one that appears on the Lincoln monument in Washington D.C..
In November 19, 1863 president Lincoln recited a famous two minute speech that sparked the nation. Yet, Lincoln called this speech a "flat failure." The speech is known as the Gettysburg Address today, for it was announced in the National Gettysburg cemetery of Pennsylvania. In honor of the brave soldiers that fought and sacrificed their lives for the nation in the battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln claimed that the Civil War was a test to see if the nation could exist as it did. There are around five versions of the Gettysburg Address, but the one that is said in the video is the most common one. This speech is the one that appears on the Lincoln monument in Washington D.C..
Sherman's March
Sherman's March began in Atlanta, Georgia on November 15, 1864 and ended in Savannah on December 21,1864. It was formed by the Savannah Campaign. During the Civil War, Union general William T. Sherman led The March of Sea, the most destructive campaign against a civilian population. He abandoned his supply line and took off to Georgia and marched across the Atlantic, so that he could prove to the Southern population that the Confederacy could not stay protected from invaders. Sherman believed that the Union had more power than the Confederacy and eventually the Union would win the war. The march was designated to show statesmanship, rather than war. After Sherman's forces had captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864, Sherman began to originate his next plan, refusing the initial plan. Instead of going through Alabama, he chose to go southeast feeding into Charleston or Savannah. In the march, Sherman divided his 60,000 men into two smaller wings. The right flack was under Oliver O Howard. Along with Howard, Peter J. Osterhaus the Fifteenth Corps and Francis B. Blair Jr. commanded the Seventeenth corps. The left flack was under Henry W. Slocum. Jefferson C. Davis led the Fourteenth Corps and the Twentieth Corps were commanded by Alpheus S. Williams. The wings took separate routes. The right wing was heading towards Macon, while the left was going to Augusta. Sherman's Army war tactic was total war or to destroy and burn southern resources, such as harvest crops and railroads, as well as steal livestock and defeat any militia on its pathway to Savannah. Sherman wanted to make Georgia howl, so he marched 300 miles, from Atlanta to Savannah destructing the state, and he left with lasting moral hatred from the South.
Appomattox Courthouse
Appomattox Courthouse
The battle was fought in the morning of April 9, 1865 and it was one of the last battles to be fought prior to the end of the Civil War. About 9,000 Confederates, under the command of Gordon and Fitzhugh Lee, stationed in the fields west of the village before dawn and waited. The first attack began at eight in the morning and was led by General Bryan Grimes of North Carolina and was relatively successful. The Union calvary blocking the road fell back, for they were outnumbered. However Union foot guards began arriving from the west and south, encircling the courthouse. While, Longstreet's troops of Confederates headed towards New Hope Church, where they were held down by Union soldiers. General Grant's goal of halting down Lee's Army was coming near. Before the battle even had begun, Lee retreated his army back to the Appomattox River and surrendered his supply store in Lynchburg. He did not want his army of 26,000 to sacrifice their lives in fighting Grant's army of 63,285. The North Virginia Army was dispatched and later several other Confederate Army's joined. The battle resulted in Union victory, as well as the outcome of the Civil War.
Primary Source: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm
The following source presents images of medical treatment during the Civil War. The site was very useful because it shows an actual image of the amputation kit used, along with the book the surgeons used. Also it presents a hospital ground. It gives an overall understanding of the little medical treatment options and the new methods doctors learned. Chloroform was the closest doctors got to anesthesia medicine. The Civil War was a time for doctors to figure out their own forms of treatment, even though they were not the greatest.
Civil War Medicine
Medicine at the time of the Civil War was very basic. Doctors did not really know infection and tried their best to prevent it. Antiseptics were not present during the time, nor was there attempt to maintain sterility during surgery causing infection and diseases to spread quicker. Antibiotics weren't available either, and wounded soldiers had to live with the pain and risk of losing a arm or leg to live. There were only few surgeons who had practice in amputation, or cutting off a limb. The use of chloroform as an anesthetic greatly reduced the trauma and severe pain in the procedure. It was put on a cloth and held above the soldier's nose and mouth until he fell unconscious. Though wounds were common, lack of hygiene and healthy living resulted in even more soldiers suffering from diseases. Twice as many men died from diseases than wounds. Common diseases were Dysentery, measles, small pox, pneumonia, gangrene, and measles. As a result of little medical terminology and equipment, approximately 388,500 men died from infected wounds and diseases.Primary Source: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm
The following source presents images of medical treatment during the Civil War. The site was very useful because it shows an actual image of the amputation kit used, along with the book the surgeons used. Also it presents a hospital ground. It gives an overall understanding of the little medical treatment options and the new methods doctors learned. Chloroform was the closest doctors got to anesthesia medicine. The Civil War was a time for doctors to figure out their own forms of treatment, even though they were not the greatest.
Battle Technology/ Tactics
During the Civil War great technology was invented. The repeating rifle and the submarine changed the way the war was fought. As well as the iron clad battle ships in the South. Not only did the inventions for war helped, but the railroad and telegraph were very significant to the war. President Lincoln spent most of his time in the Telegraph Office next to the White House, where he contacted and telegraphed orders to the generals. The office served as his war base because the wire helped him stay informed and assert himself. He spent all night typing telegrams and staying in his office majority of the nights. Yet, Lincoln's war strategy of using the telegraph was dangerous because messages were easily spread through the telegraph. They were spread from the usage of the "American Morse Code." Yet, Ciphering codes were secret codes that were applied from updating code books throughout the war. The Union used the tactic of Ciphering to eavesdrop on the south and di-cipher Confederate messages, which was dangerous but helpful in winning the war. Railroads also greatly impacted the war effort. They were used to bring resources to the soldiers and served as great supply lines. However they were targets of attack during the war, and soldiers had to fight in a form of close combat. There were many technology and tactics that impacted the Civil War.
Primary Source:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/019))
The source provides the first telegraph message, which was sent out by Samuel Finley Breese Morse on March 4.1844. He invented a device that changed the history of the Civil War. He proved his invention a success,when he sent it across the wire from the Supreme Court chamber in Washington D.C to his assistant Alfred Vail, who was stationed in Mount Clare, Baltimore. Later, his invention was used by President Lincoln and many others throughout the Civil War. Telegraphing seemed hard based on the marks of the strip of paper, but the famous invention sparked the nation.
"Abraham Lincoln and the Telegraph." Abraham Lincoln and the Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2013. <http://www.alincolnlearning.us/Civilwartelegraphing.html>.
"American Civil War." Kids History: Life as a Soldier During the Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ducksters.com/history/civil_war/life_as_a_soldier_during_the_civil_war.php>.
"Battle of Fort Sumter." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Dec. 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter>.
" Battle of Gettysburg Facts." Battle of Gettysburg Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Gettysburg_Facts/Gettysburg_Facts.php>.
"Battle of Hampton Roads." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads>.
"Civil War Medicine." Civil War Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/appomattox-courthouse.html?tab=facts>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bullrun.html>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html?tab=facts>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/shiloh.html>.
"First Battle of Bull Run." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run>.
National Parks Service. National Parks Service, 29 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nps.gov/frsp/chist.htm>.
"Sherman's March to the Sea." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/shermans-march-sea>.
"Siege of Vicksburg." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg>.
Book: America Past and Present
Video: Bradley, Tom. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address as It Is. N.p.: n.p., 23 Apr. 2009.
Primary Source:http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/019))
The source provides the first telegraph message, which was sent out by Samuel Finley Breese Morse on March 4.1844. He invented a device that changed the history of the Civil War. He proved his invention a success,when he sent it across the wire from the Supreme Court chamber in Washington D.C to his assistant Alfred Vail, who was stationed in Mount Clare, Baltimore. Later, his invention was used by President Lincoln and many others throughout the Civil War. Telegraphing seemed hard based on the marks of the strip of paper, but the famous invention sparked the nation.
Life of a Soldier
Soldiers had a difficult time during the Civil War and for thousands of soldiers that enlisted, it was an experience that they would never forget. Serving in the military meant accepting several factors, soldiers sacrificing their lives, long months away from home and family, long hours of drills, shortage of food and shelter, and severe health conditions, like diseases and infection. As well as many days marching on hot, dusty roads and dealing with bad weather. The worst time for soldiers were the cold, harsh winters. They did not have much food, shelter, or warm clothing. Many experienced frost bite. Soldiers had roughly the same routine every day, they woke up around dawn and practiced drills for battle from morning till afternoon. Obeying their commander's order was essential and served as a key to victory. Between drills, soldiers performed chores such as cooking, cleaning equipment, and fixing their attire. In dealing with boredom, soldiers played dominoes and poker. Also they sang songs and wrote to their loved ones. Relatively soldiers between 18-25 years of age were drafted. However as the war progressed boys as young as 15 began to serve.
Works Cited
"33e. Bloody Antietam." Bloody Antietam [ushistory.org]. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/33e.asp>."Abraham Lincoln and the Telegraph." Abraham Lincoln and the Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec. 2013. <http://www.alincolnlearning.us/Civilwartelegraphing.html>.
"American Civil War." Kids History: Life as a Soldier During the Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.ducksters.com/history/civil_war/life_as_a_soldier_during_the_civil_war.php>.
"Battle of Fort Sumter." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Dec. 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter>.
" Battle of Gettysburg Facts." Battle of Gettysburg Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.gettysburg.stonesentinels.com/Gettysburg_Facts/Gettysburg_Facts.php>.
"Battle of Hampton Roads." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads>.
"Civil War Medicine." Civil War Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/appomattox-courthouse.html?tab=facts>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/bullrun.html>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html?tab=facts>.
Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/shiloh.html>.
"First Battle of Bull Run." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run>.
National Parks Service. National Parks Service, 29 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nps.gov/frsp/chist.htm>.
"Sherman's March to the Sea." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/shermans-march-sea>.
"Siege of Vicksburg." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg>.
Book: America Past and Present
Video: Bradley, Tom. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address as It Is. N.p.: n.p., 23 Apr. 2009.
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